Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan
Journal title : Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan Initials : Edubiotik Grade : Sinta 2 Journal; decree No. 177/E/KPT/2024 October 15, 2024 Frequency : 2 issues per year (May and November) DOI : prefix 10.33503 by Print ISSN : 2528-679X Online ISSN : 2597-9833 Editor-in-chief : Trio Ageng Prayitno, S.Pd., M.Pd (trioagengprayitno@uibu.ac.id) Man. Editor : Anita Munawwaroh, S.Si., M.Si & Nuril Hidayati, S.Pd., M.Pd (edubiotik@uibu.ac.id) Publisher : Biology Education Department, Universitas Insan Budi Utomo, Malang, Indonesia Cite Analysis : Google Scholar, Dimensions License : CC BY-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) Nationally Accredited based on the Decree of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, Number No. 177/E/KPT/2024 October 15, 2024, as a SINTA 2 journal (for 2023-2027).
Biology Education Department, Universitas Insan Budi Utomo, Malang, Indonesia
Optimization of the Pancasila student profile character through the local wisdom project of Hylocereus sp. plants
The Pancasila Student Profile (PSP) character is an important element in forming an excellent and integrity-filled generation of Indonesians, because this research has only been done very little. The objective of this research should be to analyze the influence of PjBL learning on the PSP character and the dimensions of cooperation, critical thinking, and creativity through the local wisdom of the Hylocereus sp. plant. The type of research is quasi-experimental, with a two-treatment group design. The independent variable uses PjBL learning, and the dependent variable is PSP in biology learning, including practical training in making Bokashi and maintaining dragon fruit plants. The population in this study was students of SMP Negeri 2 Pesanggaran, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The research sample consists of students undertaking a local wisdom project, 30 students in group A and 30 students in group B, for a total of 60 people. Instrument research is an observation sheet of the PSP character adapted from the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. The data obtained were analyzed using multivariate analysis, namely MANOVA. The research results indicate a simultaneous effect of the PjBL learning model on the PSP character and a partial effect on the dimensions of cooperation, critical thinking, and creativity (sig < 0.05). Thus, local wisdom-based projects have proven to be an effective strategy in supporting the achievement of the PSP character and efforts for the sustainability of natural resources. Integration of local wisdom into learning can be an innovative strategy to support the sustainability of natural resources while forming students with integrity by Pancasila values.
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Assessment instruments for sustainability competences in applied biology: A systematic literature review
Sustainability competences are essential for addressing complex global environmental, social, and economic challenges. However, tools to accurately assess these competences remain varied and underexplored, necessitating a comprehensive review of existing instruments. This study aims to systematically identify and analyze assessment instruments for sustainability competences through a systematic literature review (SLR). This type of research is a systematic literature review (SLR). The research instrument is an inclusion and exclusion criteria form. Using the Scopus database, articles published between 2010 and 2023 were screened based on inclusion criteria such as relevance to sustainability competences assessment, peer-reviewed status, and language (English). From an initial 234 articles, 11 met the criteria and were analyzed using bibliometric tools and qualitative synthesis guided by five research questions focusing on publication trends, subject areas, geographic distribution, keywords, and instrument characteristics. The results show dominance of Social Sciences in this field, with notable multidisciplinary inputs from Energy and Environmental Sciences. Key themes include teacher self-efficacy, institutional commitment, and educational tailoring, alongside challenges like weak theoretical foundations and limited curricular integration. The study concludes that culturally adapted and context-specific instruments are critical to effectively evaluate sustainability competences. It recommends further research to develop validated, comprehensive tools to support education and policy. This work provides a structured foundation for advancing sustainability competence assessment globally.
Profile of flavonoid bioactive compounds in moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) as phytoestrogens
Moringa oleifera with the local name moringa, is widely used for health, as a medicinal plant. However, its potential as a natural estrogenic is not yet known. The study aimed to analyse and identify flavonoid compounds of moringa leaves and to analyse the estrogenic potential of moringa leaves on 17β-estradiol levels of female rats. Research with an experimental approach includes: 1) Metabolite profiling of moringa leaf extract using 95% methanol solvent, with stages including extract dilution, protein precipitation, and extract purification with SPE. Extract purification using solid phase extraction using C18 Sep-Pak; 2) Induction to 4-5 months female Wistar rats, 240 - 280 g, 24 heads, grouped into 3 treatment groups, namely control (P0), administration of 17β-estradiol (P1) and administration of 1.5 ml moringa leaf feeling water (P2), treatment for 25 days. Data collection techniques include LCMS chromatogram data and data on 17β-estradiol levels taken from rat tail veins. Descriptive data analysis techniques include: 1) Chromatogram result data of flavonoid compound groups and 2) Data on 17β-estradiol levels using ELIZA on day 26. The conclusion of the results showed that the flavonoid compounds of moringa leaves were 29 compounds, including isoflavone and coumestan groups. Giving moringa leaf juice can increase 17β-estradiol levels in rats by 524.346 mg/dl.
Developing a classification of living things e-module with a jelajah alam sekitar approach to help students reduce misconceptions and strengthen scientific literacy
One strategy to reduce misconceptions and strengthen science literacy in the classification of living things is to facilitate students with contextual learning resources. Therefore, this study aims to develop an e-module as a learning resource that is integrated with the approach of Jelajah Alam Sekitar (JAS) so as to enable students to understand science concepts through collaborative practices of nature exploration. This research method is research and development using the 4D development model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). Class VII students at MTs Ishthifaiyah Nahdliyah were involved as samples with details of 180 students as the standardization test sample of the integrated science misconception-literacy instrument, 29 students as the e-module readability sample, and 32 students as the e-module implementation sample. Data collection was carried out using interviews, a questionnaire, and student science literacy and misconception tests. The instruments used included interview guidelines, e-module characteristic questionnaires, e-module feasibility questionnaires, student response questionnaires, and pretest-posttest questions. Data analysis for the effectiveness of the e-module on student science literacy and misconceptions was performed using a paired t-test. The developed JAS E-module proved to be very feasible in terms of material concept, presentation, language, and graphics, and had excellent characteristics in terms of module characteristics, JAS components, and activities that contained indicators of misconceptions and science literacy. In addition, based on the results of the effectiveness test, in general, the e-module proved significant in reducing misconceptions (p<.05; t=-4.818; df=31) and strengthening students' science literacy (p<.05; t=4.636; df=31). Thus, this development contributes to improving science learning, especially in reducing misconceptions and strengthening science literacy.
Improving students' scientific literacy through inquiry learning at Solo Safari
The scientific literacy of students in the animal diversity course has not met the criteria. Students are less concerned, passive, and do not dare to express their problem-solving comprehensively. The animal diversity course requires learning methods and learning resources to improve scientific literacy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of inquiry learning on improving students' scientific literacy at Solo Safari. This research method is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental method. The research design uses pre and post-test results of students’ scientific literacy. The study population was 71 biology education students. The sample was 13 students who took the Animal Diversity course. The data taken is students' scientific literacy. The independent variable is inquiry learning at Solo Safari. The dependent variable is science literacy. The instrument used is a science literacy instrument, resulting in 15 valid statement items. Data analysis techniques were carried out with a paired sample t-test. N-gain score analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of science literacy. The results showed that the sig-value (2-tailed) = 0.000. The inquiry learning model affects students' scientific literacy. The inquiry learning model can improve students' scientific literacy. The result of the N-gain score on science literacy is 0.62 with moderate criteria. There is a significant increase in understanding of science literacy after students take part in learning with the inquiry approach. The conclusion of this study is, inquiry affects improving students' scientific literacy at Solo Safari. The application of inquiry in Solo Safari can increase students' scientific literacy in the moderate category. The implications of this study can be used as basic research to choose the right learning model for animal diversity courses. Science literacy instruments can also be used for various biological studies and other materials.
A study of the impact of SETS-based multimedia assessment on students’ metacognitive abilities
There are difficulties in accustoming students to hone their metacognitive abilities in learning human anatomy and physiology in the era of the 4.0 revolution due to the lack of availability of SETS-based multimedia assessments. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of SETS-based multimedia assessments on students' metacognitive abilities. The research method was a quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent control group design pretest-posttest. The research sample was 2 classes (the experimental class was called A and the control class was called B) with 17 students in the experimental class, and 24 students in the control class in the Biology Education Study Program of IKIP Budi Utomo, who were taking the human anatomy and physiology course. The research instrument was pretest and posttest questions on the SETS-based multimedia assessment as many as 15 multiple-choice questions containing indicators of metacognitive abilities. The research data were in the form of pretest and posttest scores from the experimental class and the control class. The research data analysis technique used the Anacova test via SPSS for Windows. The results showed that SETS-based multimedia assessments affected students' metacognitive abilities (sig < 0.05). The study concludes that SETS-based multimedia assessment affects students' metacognitive abilities in human anatomy and physiology courses. The results of this study are recommended as assessment development materials to be integrated into the higher education curriculum as an effort to empower students' metacognitive abilities.
Comparison of the inhibitory effects of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract and fermented milk probiotics on the growth of Salmonella sp.
The increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella sp. to antibiotics has prompted the need for alternative antibacterial agents derived from natural sources. This study aimed to compare the inhibitory effects of prebiotics and probiotics against Salmonella sp. in vitro. The research was a laboratory experimental study using a post-test-only control group design. The prebiotic used was derived from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract, while the probiotic was obtained from cow’s milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei. The test organism was Salmonella sp., obtained from a pure culture. The well diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using a vernier caliper. Five concentrations (0.65%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) were tested in triplicate. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to calculate the mean inhibition zone diameter. At a concentration of 1.25%, the average inhibition zone of the probiotic was 8.08 mm, while the prebiotic produced a zone of 7.4 mm. Both agents showed larger inhibition zones compared to the negative control. The findings indicate that both prebiotics and probiotics exhibit antibacterial activity against Salmonella sp., with probiotics showing slightly stronger effects. These substances have the potential to be developed as natural antibacterial agents.
Fatty acid profile analysis of Chlorella vulgaris under salinity and cadmium stress: Feedstock characterization for biodiesel suitability
Cultivation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris under salinity and heavy metal stress can affect the type and quantity of fatty acids in its cells. This study aims to analyze the fatty acid profile of microalgae C. vulgaris InaCCM49 cultivated in media containing 0.6 M NaCl and 95 µM CdCl2 based on the suitability of biodiesel raw material standards. The study began with determining the starter time of microalgae C. vulgaris InaCCM49 culture, cultivation in salinity and cadmium stress medium, determining the growth phase of treatment and control, biomass extraction for metabolomics analysis, UPLC-MS/MS, fatty acid classification using LIPID MAPS Structure Database (LMSD), and analysis of biodiesel quality standards based on ASTM D6751 and EN14214 which include cetane number (CN), saponification value (SV), cold filter plugging point (CFFP), degree of unsaturation (DU), iodine value (IV) and long-chain saturated factor (LCSF). The results showed an increase in the degree of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) by 10.7 % and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 36.71% which played a role in the stability of biodiesel compared to the control treatment. The results of the analysis of CN, IV, and CFPP were respectively 55.4, 59, and -16.5. This shows that the composition of fatty acids formed in the microalgae extract C. vulgaris InaCCM49 with salinity and cadmium stress treatment (0.6 M NaCl, 95 µM CdCl2) has the potential to be a source of quality biodiesel raw materials.
Potential candidate probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NO10 SA8 in cholesterol assimilation and amino acid production
Probiotics are known as beneficial microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate amounts, can provide health benefits to their host. The ability of probiotics to produce amino acids is crucial to consider, as amino acids are essential components for the growth and development of organisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the ability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NO10 SA8 to assimilate cholesterol and its capability to produce amino acids. This study employed a descriptive method, including cholesterol assimilation and analysis of amino acid types produced by the potential probiotic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NO10 SA8. The results of this study showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NO10 SA8 ability demonstrated a relatively high cholesterol assimilation capacity—approximately 69.75% compared to the positive control. This indicates that the strain has potential to be used as a cholesterol-lowering agent in functional applications, such as probiotics or dietary supplements.it was capable of assimilating cholesterol. Furthermore, it was able to produce various amino acids, except for L-Histidine, L-Tyrosine, and L-Tryptophan. The conclusion of this study is that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NO10 SA8 has potential as a probiotic strain because it demonstrated the ability to assimilate cholesterol 69.75% compared to the positive control, and producing amino acids.
Lip balm formulation of onion dayak extract (Eleutherine palmifolia L.) and rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) as a antioxidant and lip color
Plant extract contains active compounds beneficial for ultraviolet protection and skin health. No previous studies have formulated lip balm using Dayak onion and rosella flowers. The research aims to gain information on the best lipbalm formulation with parameters from panelists and preparation evaluation (pH test, homogeneity test, stability, smear test, and hedonic test). Experimental research method with completely randomized design (CRD), to identify the significant differences in the lip balm preparations using one-way ANOVA. Lip balm is formulated from an extract of dayak onion (0%,1%,3%,5%,7%) and rosella flower (0%,1%,3%,6%,9%) as a natural moisturizer and natural dye. The dayak onion bulbs and rosella flowers are extracted and tested for phytochemicals and DPPH antioxidants. The research results indicate that the extract of the dayak onion bulbs and rosella flowers are positive containing flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and triterpenoid compounds. The dayak onion bulbs have an IC50 value of 1,4366 ppm, whereas the IC50 for rosella flowers is 19,2135 ppm. The lipbalm preparation of F1, F2, F3, and F4 meet the requirements for pH testing, homogeneity test, smear test, and stability test. The results of the hedonic test on 35 panelists indicate that the most preferred color is in F3, texture in F1 and F3, and aroma in F1. The results of the one-way ANOVA test with a confidence level of 95% have a significance of 0,000 indicating a significant difference (P<0,05). The best extract formulation from dayak onion bulbs and rosella flowers in the lip balm innovative cosmetic herbal ingredients was in Formula 1 with extract concentration 1:1 and the best results of the color parameters according to the panelists were at F3.
The effect of disinfectants on fertility of male mice (Mus musculus l.)
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, disinfectants have not only been used in health facilities, but they have also spread to households. The problem was that people often use disinfectant formulas that did not complied with health institutions guidelines. This study aims was to evaluate the effects of two types of disinfectants on the fertility, parameters of male mice, namely sperm concentration, motility and morphology. This was a true experimental study, with three treatment groups, namely the disinfectant type Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ADBAC) with a concentration of 10 mL/L, pine oil with a concentration of 30 mL/L, and control. The dose of each disinfectant was determined from the initial LD50 study. 20 mL of each disinfectant was sprayed on the cage twice a day in the absence of animals. The animals used were four week old male Mus musculus and were treated for 5 weeks. The parameters observed consisted of sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. All data were analyzed by one way Anova and Duncan's advanced test. The analysis results showed that the disinfectant had no effect on sperm concentration but instead had a negative effect on sperm motility and morphology. Both types of disinfectants reduced the progressive motility of sperm, while ADBAC produced more abnormal sperm morphology than pine oil. This condition is in accordance with other research that sperm motility is closely related to sperm morphology. The results of this study add to the evidence that disinfectants have a negative effect on male fertility parameters, namely sperm quality. The use of disinfectants for long periods also requires attention.
Pixels to principles: Reinforcing critical thinking skills in understanding environmental pollution using assemblr EDU digital visualization and anchored instruction learning model
This research comprehensively investigates the pedagogical effectiveness of integrating Augmented Reality (AR)-based digital visualization, facilitated by Assemblr EDU platform using Anchored Instruction (AI) learning model to improve students' critical thinking skills. The research method employed was a quasi-experimental research with a non-equivalent control group design, involving 60 seventh grade students (average age of 13-15 years old) from Global Islamic School Al Amin Junior High School Gondanglegi. The primary instrument for data collection was a valid and reliable critical thinking skills test (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.82), which was specifically designed to measure six crucial aspects of critical thinking. The experimental group adopted learning process that integrated an environmental pollution case study as an anchor by utilizing interactive AR model and visualization creation task using Assemblr EDU. In contrast, the control group was given a lesson using the same AI model but without the AR digital visualization component. The research findings portrayed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the improvement of critical thinking skills scores between the experimental group (mean gain score 19.7, SD = 3.1) and the control group (mean gain score 9.7, SD = 2.8). The Cohen's d effect size of 2.56 indicated a powerful impact of the intervention. This research provides important implications for science education practice, highlighting the transformative potential of visualization technology, particularly AR through easily accessible platforms such as Assemblr EDU, in enhancing student engagement, facilitating the understanding of complex concepts and empowering the development of their critical thinking skills in facing the increasingly complex environmental challenges
Actualization of local wisdom in biology learning to support sustainable development toward the well-being of society in the era 6.0: A systematic literature review
Well being society era 6.0 refers to a vision of society that places individual and community well-being at the core of development, utilizing cutting-edge technology and innovation to create a more balanced, healthy and sustainable life. Local wisdom plays a critical role in guiding environmentally responsible behaviors. Comprehensive studies on the utilization of local wisdom in learning to support sustainable development actions are still limited. Therefore, this research was conducted to address the gap. the purpose of this research is to analyze the scope and effectiveness of the utilization of local wisdom in learning processes, as indicated by the integration of local wisdom into learning materials, teaching strategies, and students’ attitudes and competencies, which support culturally relevant and sustainable education. This research used the PRISMA 2020 systematic literature review method, utilizing Scopus as a database. A total of 2249 articles were collected, but only 14 met the criteria for thematic-qualitative analysis. This study found that First, local wisdom-based research on learning is dominantly conducted using qualitative approaches or methods. Second, this theme is an interesting issue and related research has collaborated on a local, national and international scale. Third, the utilization of local wisdom in sustainable development actions is very important to achieve a balance between social, economic, and environmental progress, which aligns closely with biology education through its emphasis on ecological literacy, biodiversity conservation, and the sustainable interaction between humans and their environment. By integrating traditional knowledge and practices that have proven effective in maintaining sustainability. The application of local wisdom in sustainable development involves not only managing natural resources wisely but also strengthening social values that support togetherness and community welfare in the well being society era 6.0.
Expression of the curculin gene from different organs of Curculigo latifolia under different culture conditions
Curculigo latifolia is the main source of curculin. Curculin is a special kind of protein that tastes sweet and can change the way food tastes, and is naturally expressed in fruit. This study aims to measure and compare the relative expression of the curculin gene in different organs, i.e., fruit and leaf, under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In this study, mRNA isolation was carried out in tissues derived from fruits and leaves grown in vitro and in vivo (in the soil) of C. latifolia from West Java, Indonesia. Leaves from 20 weeks seedling on polybag, fruit 40 days after anthesis, and leaves from 20 weeks seedling of C. latifolia cultured on MS0 medium that were used in this experiment. The relative expression was measured using qRT-PCR. The results showed that the comparison of curculigo’s parts in the leaves was lower than in the fruit. The lowest expression was obtained in leaves grown under in vitro conditions at 0.001-fold, while leaves grown in the soil at 0.566-fold compared to curculin gene expression in fruit. This study concludes that the expression of the Curculin gene in fruit is different between the fruit and leaves, and the growth conditions have an influence on Curculin gene expression, where Curculin gene expression under in vitro conditions is lower than expression under in vivo conditions. The curculin is not only expressed in the fruit but also the leaves, so it has the potential to be developed.
Ecological footprint mitigation through corporate environmental management: Measuring carbon sequestration in PT Organon Pharma Indonesia's conservation and industrial areas
Climate change mitigation in the pharmaceutical industry is necessary for corporate conservation. This study aims to measure the carbon sequestration potential in the conservation area and the Seroto Block plantation area, evaluate the company's environmental management strategy, and analyze the success factors of the conservation program at PT Organon Pharma Indonesia. This study uses a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. The research instruments include GPS, tree measuring tools, environmental sensors, and biomass assessment tools. Data analysis techniques include estimating biomass per tree, determining carbon stocks, calculating CO₂ equivalents, and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies. The results show that the conservation area stores the most carbon (a total of 40.39 tons C/ha, equivalent to 462.56 tons CO₂), followed by the industrial area (a total of 10.77 tons C/ha, equivalent to 95.55 tons CO₂), and the plantation area shows minimal carbon storage (60.95 kg). Pinus merkusii dominated the conservation area (85.6% of carbon storage), while Mangifera indica, Pterocarpus indicus, and Filicium decipiens contributed 91.5% of carbon storage in the industrial area. Environmental conditions, which were optimal in the conservation area (24.3°C, 73% humidity, pH 6.3) and harsher in the industrial area (33.3°C, 56% humidity), had a significant impact on carbon sequestration. This study concluded that conservation areas have the highest carbon storage capacity compared to industrial and plantation areas.
Analysis of students’ creative thinking skills in ecology: Digital mind maps supporting sustainable development goals
Creative thinking skills, one of the four components of 21st-century skills, are essential for generating ideas, solving problems, and supporting quality education in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4 on quality education. However, the 2022 PISA results show that Indonesia is among the 14 countries with the lowest creative thinking skills. To address this issue, innovative learning tools such as digital mind maps are proposed as a solution. Research indicates that digital concept maps, which have been explored as an innovative learning method, can effectively support the development of creative thinking skills. This study aims to assess the creative thinking skills of biology students in an ecology course, with a focus on the topic of biological control. A descriptive quantitative approach was used, involving 21 biology students as participants. A creative thinking skills test covering aspects of fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration was administered to the participants. Data were analyzed using a rubric-based scoring system. The results showed that 57.14% of students had moderate creativity, 28.57% were less creative, and 14.28% were creative. The elaboration indicator received the highest score (69.04%), while flexibility received the lowest score (35.71%). Specifically, the results of the fluency and originality tests were also included in the analysis, highlighting students' strengths and weaknesses in various aspects of creative thinking. To enhance creative thinking skills in ecology courses focused on SDGs, the use of digital mind maps is recommended. These concept maps can help organize concepts, stimulate divergent thinking, and encourage students' creativity by providing a clear structure for visualizing and exploring ideas.
Bridging diversity in biology education: A case study on multicultural personality in a project-based practicum
Indonesia's multicultural landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for educational institutions in fostering inclusive learning environments. This mixed-method case study explores the experiences of Biology Education pre-service teachers at Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS), particularly within a Project-Based Practicum (PBP) in a Histology course. The research involved 43 students as participants. Data were collected using two instruments: a modified short-form Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data from the MPQ were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative interview data were examined through thematic analysis. The findings reveal that UMS students demonstrate high levels of tolerance, cultural empathy, and collaboration skills, essential for navigating diverse educational settings. However, challenges such as language barriers and cultural nuances were observed, particularly among minority groups from various Javanese regions. The implementation of PBP proved effective in enhancing students' interaction, communication, and adaptability. These results underscore the importance of inclusive, project-based learning models in developing cross-cultural competence, emotional resilience, and open-mindedness in multicultural classrooms
Analysis of total polysaccharides in gerigit mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) using phenol-sulfuric acid and freeze-drying methods
Edible mushrooms are used as a food source because they are low in fat, high in protein, and rich in vitamins. In addition to being a food source, mushrooms are known to have potential as immunomodulators for various diseases such as cancer, tumors, HIV, tuberculosis, and others. The substances in mushrooms that have potential as antitumor and immunomodulatory agents are polysaccharides. These polysaccharides possess immune-stimulating, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. One example of an edible mushrooms is gerigit mushroom (Schizophyllum commune). Until now, the research on Schizophyllum commune is still limited, especially regarding the quantitative determination of the amount of polysaccharides. This study aims to determine the total amount of polysaccharides in Schizophyllum commune from central Thailand using phenol-sulfuric acid and freeze-drying methods. Total polysaccharide concentration data were analyzed using absorbance data obtained from measurements of blank and standard samples on a spectrophotometer and analyzed using microsoft excel software. The results of this study indicate the presence of polysaccharides in Schizophyllum commune, which are characterized by the presence of orange color in the sample when phenol and sulfuric acid solutions are mixed. While for the concentration of total polysaccharides in the Schizophyllum commune samples FD1, FD2 and FD3 obtained consecutive results 42.5256 mg/g 33.7002 mg/g 36.6327 mg/g with an average of 37.62 mg/g. This study shows that gerigit mushrooms have potential as a source of bioactive compounds in the form of polysaccharides that can be used in the health sector
Blood profile of white rats (Rattus norvegicus): Safety study of stigmasterol compounds from beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica) as antifertility
This study aimed to examine the blood smear profile of male white rats after treatment with various doses of stigmasterol from Pluchea indica leaves. The experimental study used the post-test control design group. The study was conducted in the several accredited laboratories in Malang and Bandung cities. The study was conducted from June to September 2024. The research sample of stigmasterol from P. indica leaves came from the UPT materia medica of Batu City. The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. Three doses of stigmasterol (0.125 mg/kg bw, 0.25 mg/kg bw, 0.5 mg/kg bw), and control (aquades) with seven replications. Observations of preparations for each treatment group used a binocular microscope. Photos of the observation results were analyzed for cell shape, and the number of visible white blood cells was calculated. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s further test. The results showed a stigmasterol dose hadtigmasteroland number of erythrocytes in the blood of white rats. The findings of this study were that dose 3 (0.5 mg/kg bw) had the lowest number of leukocytes, and further research is needed as a safe dose of the stigmasterol compound in P. indica leaves, which has the potential as a natural antifertility drug.
Phytochemical profiling and anti-Staphylococcus epidermidis activity of mango leaf extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Staphylococcus epidermidis is increasingly recognized for its resistance to certain antibiotics, posing a significant threat due to its potential to cause infections. Plant extracts have emerged as promising alternatives owing to their diverse phytochemical composition. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Arumanis mango leaves (Mangifera indica L. var. arumanis) against S. epidermidis and to characterize its metabolite profile using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Employing the disc diffusion method, the extract demonstrated inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis at a concentration of 2% (2 mg/ml). Subsequent GC-MS analysis identified phenols, flavonoids, and alcohols as the predominant bioactive compounds, consistent with their known antibacterial properties. These findings suggest that Arumanis mango leaf extract holds potential as a natural antibacterial agent against S. epidermidis and warrants further investigation for incorporation into natural antibacterial formulations.
Literature review: Study on the development of teaching modules for excretory system material in senior high schools
The excretory system material, with a high level of difficulty, causes students to be less able to understand the material well. For this reason, a teaching module is needed that can help teachers in delivering the material so that there is no misunderstanding in conveying the concept, and a teaching module is made that can attract students' attention. However, some teachers have difficulty making modules. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze papers that develop modules on the excretory system material so that teachers can more easily create teaching modules on the excretory system material that include abstract material. The articles reviewed are limited to research published in 2018-2024, which can be found on Google Scholar and Research Gate. The search results obtained 10 articles that reported the development of modules on the excretory system material in high school. This literature study provides a comprehensive analysis of the trend in the development of teaching modules on the excretory system material. It can encourage future researchers to further explore other aspects of the various teaching modules produced. The development of teaching modules from year to year has increased due to the development of digital or electronic modules. This indicates that educators are aware of the importance of developing teaching modules in delivering material and making it easier for students to learn independently.
Development of an electronic student worksheet based on REPIDS to improve students' science process skills and critical thinking
Responding to the increasing demand for 21st-century skills, such as critical thinking and science processes, in solving environmental issues. The study aims to develop and evaluate REPIDS-based electronic student worksheets to improve students' science process skills and critical thinking in the topic of environmental pollution among vocational high school students. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method through the 4D model, which includes define, design, develop, and disseminate. This study was conducted up to the development stage and included part of the initial dissemination stage to assess the effectiveness of the product. The instruments used included expert validation sheets, classroom observation forms, and pre-test and post-test questions. Participants were tenth-grade vocational students selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using percentage scores for validity and practicality, and normalized gain scores (N-gain) to measure effectiveness. The results of the study indicate that the developed REPIDS-based electronic student worksheet meets the criteria of validity (content aspect of 92%, language aspect of 85%, and design aspect of 90%), practicality (85%), and effectiveness (N-gain of 0.65, medium criteria) in improving science process skills and critical thinking. REPIDS-based electronic student worksheet is recommended for wider use in science education to support meaningful and skill-oriented learning.
The role of complexity science problem-based learning with gitmind: Enhancing scientific literacy and collaboration skills of state senior high school
The 21st-century skills needed by students today are science literacy and collaboration skills. One model that can empower science literacy and collaboration skills is the Complexity Science Problem-Based Learning (CS-PBL) model. The CS-PBL model is supported by the GitMind application, which addresses the limitations of CS-PBL by leveraging technology for collaboration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the CS-PBL model assisted by GitMind on science literacy and collaboration skills of high school students in biology learning. Independent variables in this study were the CS-PBL model assisted by GitMind as an experimental group, the PBL model as a positive control, and conventional learning as a negative control. The dependent variables in this study are science literacy and collaboration skills. The research was conducted at SMAN 6 Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The population of the study was Grade XI students who were in the odd semester of the 2024/2025 school year. The sample taken from the population was grade XI students, consisting of 3 Biology specialization classes. The quasi-experimental research design used a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. Students were given a pretest and a posttest in the experimental group and control group using the same instrument. Data were collected using essay tests to measure science literacy, questionnaires, and observation sheets to measure collaboration skills. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANCOVA test and followed by an LSD test before the ANCOVA test, a prerequisite test was conducted, namely a normality test and a homogeneity test. Novelty/new findings in this research are the integration of the CS-PBL model with GitMind. The results showed that the CS-PBL model assisted by GitMind was more effective in improving students' science literacy and collaboration skills than PBL and conventional learning, with the highest increase of 88.11% for science literacy and 88.53% for collaboration. Suggestions for the implementation of the CS-PBL model assisted by GitMind need to provide a more in-depth explanation of the description of the mind map task to students before learning.
Climate change awareness (knowledge and perception): Comparative study between natural science and social science students
Climate change represents a critical and pressing global challenge that demands immediate attention. To effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change, it is essential to implement comprehensive educational programs that raise awareness, foster understanding, and equip individuals and communities with the knowledge and skills necessary to combat its effects. Climate change has been integrated into the curriculum in Indonesia across natural science and social science subjects. It is important to analyze the differences between these two subjects on climate change knowledge and perception. This study aims to compare students' knowledge and perceptions of climate change in natural science and social science students due to a gap in subject content. Furthermore, this study also examines the extent to which the level of knowledge affects students' perceptions of climate change. A questionnaire as a survey method about students’ knowledge and perceptions of climate change and its impacts was given to 150 students of natural science and social science students in MAN 2 Padang Sidempuan. The results indicated there is no statistically significant difference between natural and social students in terms of climate change knowledge and perceptions (sig. > 0.05). These findings imply that the distribution of climate change knowledge and perceptions is relatively uniform across disciplinary backgrounds.
E-comic geneius: Contextual genetics learning media to enhance cognitive learning outcomes
Understanding genetics remains a challenge for high school students due to the abstract nature of the content and its limited connection to everyday experiences. Traditional teaching methods often rely on memorization without promoting meaningful conceptual understanding. This study aims to develop contextual genetics learning media in the form of an electronic comic (e-comic) titled “Geneius”, and to test its validity, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students’ cognitive learning outcomes. The e-comic integrates fictional storylines with genetics concepts based on everyday situations to enhance conceptual understanding. This research employed the Lee and Owens multimedia-based instructional design model, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The quasi-experimental design used was a pretest-posttest control group design involving 60 high school students. The effectiveness of the media was tested using 10 cognitive questions (6 HOTS and 4 LOTS), and data were analyzed with a One-way ANCOVA. The results showed that the material and media validation scores were 100% and 95% (very valid), respectively, and the practicality of the media was 92.5% (very practical). Although the ANCOVA significance value was 0.018, an increase was observed in students’ HOTS performance. These findings indicate that the “Geneius” e-comic is a feasible and engaging alternative to support genetics learning and improve cognitive outcomes. The study recommends the implementation of interactive, contextual digital media in genetics education.
Improving students' digital literacy through an AR-assisted e-module on fruit and seed morphology using the RICOSRE model
A preliminary study showed that students' digital literacy was still at a relatively sufficient level. Digital literacy, a key 21st-century skill, is essential for Biology Education students to thrive in the digital era. This research aims to determine the effect of the e-module morphological structure of fruits and seeds based on RICOSRE assisted by AR on students' digital literacy. This study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a quasi-experimental design with a non-randomized control-group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were third-semester students of the S1 Biology Education program at Malang State University, with a total of 57 students divided into two classes, 31 students in the experimental class and 26 students in the control class. Data were collected using three instruments: a 20-item multiple-choice test for the cognitive dimension, a 20-item Likert-scale questionnaire for the social-emotional dimension, and an observation sheet with 5 indicators for the technical dimension, and all these instruments have been validated. The data types included test scores, questionnaire responses, and observation results. Data analysis included normality and homogeneity tests, followed by One-Way ANCOVA. The results of research showed that the use of the AR-assisted RICOSRE-based e-module had a significant effect on students’ digital literacy across all dimensions (sig. < 0.05). Future researchers may also explore the integration of AR and structured learning models like RICOSRE in other subjects to enhance various 21st-century skills.
Morphological plasticity of uceng fish (Nemacheilus spp.): A statistical exploration of water quality influences in East Java’s river
Morphological plasticity in aquatic organisms is an adaptive phenomenon that enables species to respond to changing environmental conditions, particularly in native fish species such as the Uceng fish. This study aims to: (1) describe the morphological variation of the Uceng fish and water quality parameters in three river locations in East Java; (2) analyze the relationship between water quality parameters and the morphological characteristics of the Uceng fish; (3) identify the water quality parameters that most affect morphological variation of fish through PCA analysis; and (4) model the relationship between water quality parameters as independent variables and fish morphological characteristics as dependent variables. This research employed a correlational approach with a cross-sectional comparative design, comparing fish samples from three different geographic locations: Blitar, Pasuruan, and Lumajang. Data analysis was conducted using correlation analysis, PCA, and multiple regression modeling. Measurement of the Morphological Characteristics of the Uceng Fish, Morphometric Measurement (14 characters). The results showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.155, p = 0.017) between environmental factors and fish morphology, with approximately 33% of the morphological variation explained by the combination of environmental factors (DO, temperature, COD, and TDS). PCA analysis identified DO as the parameter with the strongest positive influence, while temperature, COD, and TDS showed negative effects. These findings emphasize the species’ adaptive capacity and underline the importance of monitoring environmental quality to support biodiversity conservation in increasingly impacted river ecosystems of East Java.